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威威老師的文法特快車:名詞片語 (Noun Phrases)

威威 Willy · 2026-05-01

威威老師的文法特快車:名詞片語 (Noun Phrases)


哈囉各位同學!我是威威老師。

來,看一個句子:

"The tall boy standing by the door wearing a red jacket is my brother."

這句話的主詞是哪幾個字?

如果你說「The tall boy」——你只對了 1/3。整個粗體部分(The tall boy standing by the door wearing a red jacket)才是真正的主詞。它的核心是 boy,但裡面塞了形容詞、分詞片語、介系詞片語等一堆「化妝品」——但整個還是只等於一個名詞

這就是 名詞片語 (Noun Phrase) ——學測閱讀和翻譯的「長句絆腳石」。

英文跟中文最大的差異之一:英文喜歡把一坨字當作一個名詞用。「那個站在門口、穿紅外套、長得很高的男孩」在中文是一串描述,在英文裡可以整塊變成主詞、受詞、補語

學會看穿這層偽裝,任何長句的核心結構你 3 秒鐘就能看出來

繫好安全帶 🚂


課前快問 (Pre-Quiz) — 複習名詞與冠詞

  1. Which is uncountable? (A) advice (B) suggestion (C) idea (D) plan
  2. I bought ____ bread and ____ apple. (A) a/a (B) some/an (C) the/a (D) ✗/✗
  3. ____ honesty is the best policy. (A) An (B) The (C) ✗ (D) Some

解答:

  1. (A) advice — 不可數,要 a piece of advice。
  2. (B) some/an — bread 不可數搭 some;apple 母音音搭 an。
  3. (C) ✗ — 抽象名詞泛指 → 零冠詞。

一、名詞片語 = 句子的「樂高積木」

1-1 什麼是名詞片語?

名詞片語 (Noun Phrase) =核心名詞為中心 + 各種修飾語的整體單位。

威威核心觀念:不管名詞片語多長,整個在句子裡的功能跟一個單字名詞一模一樣——可以當主詞、受詞、補語。

結構 範例
單字名詞 John is my brother.
名詞片語 The tall boy standing by the door wearing a red jacket is my brother.

兩個句子核心結構完全相同:S + V + C → 第二型!

1-2 名詞片語的構造(剝洋蔥)

[限定詞][形容詞][核心名詞][後位修飾]
   The    tall   boy     standing by the door
              ↑
          老大(Head)
  • 核心 (Head): 一定是名詞或代名詞(老大)。
  • 前位修飾 (Pre-modifiers): 限定詞 (a, the, my) + 形容詞 (tall, beautiful)。
  • 後位修飾 (Post-modifiers): 介系詞片語 / 關係子句 / 分詞片語——這是長句的兇手!

1-3 三種後位修飾「裝飾品」

A. 介系詞片語 (Prepositional Phrase)

  • the book on the table(桌上的書)
  • a cup of coffee(一杯咖啡)
  • the man with a beard(留鬍子的男人)

B. 關係子句 (Relative Clause) — 詳見關係代名詞章節

  • the student who is studying(正在讀書的學生)
  • the book that I bought(我買的書)

C. 分詞片語 (Participle Phrase) — 詳見分詞構句章節

  • a man running in the park(V-ing 主動)→ 在公園跑步的男人
  • a problem solved by the team(V-pp 被動)→ 被團隊解決的問題

判斷技巧: 讀英文長句時,先「括起所有後位修飾」,找出核心名詞——核心名詞才決定動詞的單複數!

名詞片語結構即時練習(5 題)

1. Identify the head (核心名詞): "The big red Italian car parked in front of the store"

2. Underline the post-modifier in: "The boy wearing a blue jacket is my brother."

3. Identify the function (S/O/C) of the noun phrase: "I really enjoyed the delicious cake made by your mother."

4. Find the head and identify modifier types: "My favorite teacher who teaches math is retiring next year."

5. Choose the correct verb based on the head: "The students in the library ______ (is/are) studying hard."

寫好答案再往下看 👇

解答與詳解

第 1 題:car ✅ 核心名詞 (Head) = car。 解析:

  • 前位修飾:The (限定詞), big (size), red (color), Italian (origin)
  • 後位修飾:parked in front of the store (分詞片語 V-pp)

第 2 題:wearing a blue jacket ✅ 核心 = boy。 後位修飾 = wearing a blue jacket(分詞片語 V-ing)。

第 3 題:受詞 (O) ✅ 結構:I (S) enjoyed (V) [the delicious cake made by your mother] (O) 解析:核心 = cake;前位修飾 = the delicious;後位修飾 = made by your mother(V-pp 分詞片語)。整個名詞片語當受詞。

第 4 題:核心 = teacher ✅ 解析:

  • 前位修飾:My favorite
  • 後位修飾:who teaches math(關係子句)
  • 動詞 is retiring → 單數,因為核心 teacher 是單數!

第 5 題:are ✅ The students are studying. 解析:核心是 students(複數),"in the library" 是介系詞片語(後位修飾),不影響主詞單複數。 這是主詞動詞一致的應用!


二、學測必考:「Wh- + to V」vs.「完整名詞子句」

這是學測翻譯+寫作的高頻考點!

2-1 兩種寫法對比

縮減版 (Wh- + to V) 完整版 (Wh- + S + V)
例子 I decided what to buy. I decided what I should buy.
本質 「懶人包」——省略主詞和助動詞 完整子句——主詞動詞都有
隱含主詞 跟主要句子的主詞同一人 可以跟主要句子主詞不同人
語氣 簡潔、果斷 完整、強調思考過程

2-2 黃金規則:什麼時候不能縮減?

規則:只有當「子句動作的人」=「主要句子的人」時,才能縮減!

情況 A:主詞相同(可以縮減)

例句 解析
I decided what to buy. ✅ 「我」決定 → 「我」買
I decided what I should buy. ✅ 同樣意思,完整版

情況 B:主詞不同(不能縮減)

想表達:「我」決定「」該買什麼

寫法 對否
I decided what you should buy. ✅ 必須完整版!
I decided what to buy. ❌ 變成「我決定要買什麼」(意思全變)

2-3 重要例外:tell / ask / advise / show + 受詞 + Wh- + to V

這些動詞的「to V」隱含主詞是受詞,不是句首主詞!

例句 隱含意思
I told him what to do. = I told him what he should do.(做事的是 him)
She asked me what to buy. = She asked me what I should buy.(買的人是 me)
The teacher showed us how to solve it. = how we should solve it.(解題的是 us)

判斷邏輯: 句中如果有「人」當動詞的受詞,那 to V 的隱含主詞通常是這個受詞(不是句首主詞)。

Wh- + to V 即時練習(5 題)

1. Choose: I don't know ______ next. (A) what to do (B) what I do (C) what doing (D) what to doing

2. Choose: Can you tell me ______ ? (A) how to get to the station (B) how getting to the station

3. 改錯:I haven't decided what wear for the party.

4. Translate: 「她不知道該買什麼禮物給她媽。」(Use what to buy)

5. Identify whether the reduction is correct: "I asked Mom what to cook for dinner." (原意:問媽媽「她」要煮什麼)

寫好答案再往下看 👇

解答與詳解

第 1 題:(A) what to do ✅ I don't know what to do next. 解析:主詞是 I,做事的也是 I → 可以縮減。

第 2 題:(A) how to get ✅ Can you tell me how to get to the station? 解析:tell + me + how + to V,受詞 me 是行動者(要去車站的人是「我」)。

第 3 題:what wear → what to wear ✅ 修正:I haven't decided what to wear for the party. 解析:縮減版必須是 Wh- + to V,原句缺了 to!

第 4 題:She doesn't know what to buy for her mom. ✅ 解析:主詞是 She,買的也是 She → 可以縮減成 what to buy。

第 5 題:❌ 縮減錯誤! 解析:原句 "I asked Mom what to cook for dinner" 中,asked + Mom 表示動作給 Mom,隱含 Mom 是煮的人

  • 但題目原意是「問媽媽她要煮什麼」(媽媽煮)→ 縮減後變成「問媽媽我要煮什麼」(我煮)也可以解讀。
  • 為了避免歧義,建議用完整版:I asked Mom what she was going to cook for dinner.

三、複合關代 What — 自帶名詞的關代

3-1 公式

What = the thing(s) that — 自帶先行詞的關代!

關鍵字 前面要不要有名詞(先行詞)? 例句
What 不要(也不能有!) I know what you did.
Which ✓ 要(事物) This is the book which I bought.
That ✓ 要(人或事物) He is the man that I love.
Who ✓ 要(人) She is the woman who I respect.

3-2 經典考題破解

A garbage picker tried to use ____ was at hand. (A) that (B) which (C) what

威威老師的解題思路:

  1. 看空格前面: use 是動詞,沒有名詞(先行詞)!→ 立刻刪 (A)(B)。
  2. 看空格後面: "was at hand"(在手邊的東西)——是缺主詞的子句。
  3. 答案:(C) what。 還原:use the thing that was at hand. ✓

3-3 What 的用途

What 引導的子句整體 = 名詞子句——可以當主詞、受詞、補語。

用途 例句
當主詞 What he said surprised me.(他說的話讓我吃驚)
當受詞 I know what you mean.(我懂你意思)
當補語 This is what I want.(這就是我要的)

What 子句在學測「翻譯題」是高頻寫作模板!熟練後寫作分數會明顯提升。

複合關代 What 即時練習(5 題)

1. Choose: I don't believe ______ he just said. (A) that (B) what (C) which (D) who

2. Choose: This is the book ______ I bought yesterday. (A) what (B) which (C) when (D) where

3. Choose: ______ doesn't kill you makes you stronger. (A) That (B) Which (C) What (D) Who

4. Translate: 「她說的話讓我很驚訝。」(Use What...)

5. Find the error: "The thing what I want is a cup of coffee."

寫好答案再往下看 👇

解答與詳解

第 1 題:(B) what ✅ I don't believe what he said. 解析:believe(動詞)後面沒有名詞 → 用 what。還原:believe the thing that he said.

第 2 題:(B) which ✅ the book which I bought. 解析:前面有名詞 book(先行詞)→ 用 which 或 that,不能用 what

第 3 題:(C) WhatWhat doesn't kill you makes you stronger.(殺不死你的會讓你更強大——尼采名言!) 解析:句首當主詞,前面沒名詞 → what。

第 4 題:What she said surprised me. ✅ 解析:what 引導子句當主詞——What she said = the thing that she said.

第 5 題:what → that(或刪除 the thing) ✅ 兩種修法:

  1. The thing that I want is a cup of coffee.(用 that,因為前面有 the thing)
  2. What I want is a cup of coffee.(用 what,刪掉 the thing) 解析:what 自帶先行詞 → 不能跟 the thing 同時出現!

四、實戰判斷 SOP

「Wh-」開頭的選擇題的 3 步判斷法:

Step 1:找主詞(誰是主要句子的主角?)
  ↓
Step 2:看動作(空格後的動作是誰要做的?)
  ↓
Step 3:二選一
  ├── 同一個人做 → Wh- + to V (縮減版) 或 Wh- + S + V (完整版)
  └── 不同人做 → 只能 Wh- + S + V (完整版)

特例: 動詞是 tell/ask/advise/show + 受詞 → to V 的隱含主詞是「受詞」(不是句首主詞)。


章末總測驗 (Chapter Test) — 30 題

基礎題 (1-10)

1-5. 找出粗體名詞片語的「核心 (Head)」並判斷功能(S/O/C):

1. The tall boy standing by the door is my brother.

2. I really enjoyed the delicious cake made by your mother.

3. The sudden heavy rain caused the traffic jam.

4. Her dream is to become a famous singer in the future.

5. We discussed the serious problem regarding climate change.

6-10. 判斷下列粗體部分使用了哪種後位修飾語:(A) 介系詞片語 (B) 分詞片語 (C) 關係子句

6. The girl wearing a red skirt is my cousin.

7. Do you know the man who is talking to the teacher?

8. The book on the teacher's desk belongs to me.

9. I haven't received the letter sent by the bank.

10. The students in the library are studying hard.


進階題 (11-20):名詞子句縮減

11. I don't know ______ next. (A) what to do (B) what I do (C) what doing (D) what should doing

12. Can you tell me ______? (A) how to get to the station (B) how getting to the station

13. The teacher told the students ______. (A) which book to read (B) which book reading

14. I haven't decided ______ for the party. (A) what wear (B) what to wear

15. Please let us know ______. (A) when to arrive (B) when arriving

16-20. 判斷以下縮減是否正確(⭕ / ❌):

16. I asked Mom what to cook for dinner. (原意:問媽媽要煮什麼)

17. The manual explains how to use the machine.

18. He is wondering where to go for his vacation.

19. I told him where to park his car.

20. She is deciding whether to buy the red dress or the blue one.


挑戰題 (21-30):複合關代 What 大亂鬥

21-30. 填入 what / which / that / who:

21. I can't believe ______ you just said!

22. This is the movie ______ everyone is talking about.

23. ______ he needs right now is a glass of water.

24. Show me the gift ______ you bought for her.

25. Always do ______ you think is right.

26. He is the person ______ I admire the most.

27. A good chef uses ______ is available in the kitchen.

28. The car ______ is parked outside is mine.

29. ______ doesn't kill you makes you stronger.

30. This is exactly ______ I was looking for.


章末總測驗 解答與詳解

基礎題 解答

第 1 題:核心 = boy / 功能 = 主詞 (S) The tall boy... 在動詞 is 前面,是主詞。核心是 boy。

第 2 題:核心 = cake / 功能 = 受詞 (O) 在動詞 enjoyed 後面 → 受詞。核心 cake,前位修飾 the delicious,後位修飾 made by your mother(分詞片語)。

第 3 題:核心 = rain / 功能 = 主詞 (S) 造成塞車的是「雨」。前位修飾 sudden, heavy。

第 4 題:核心 = to become... / 功能 = 補語 (C) 在 be 動詞 is 後面 → 補語(補充說明 Her dream 是什麼)。 不定詞片語也可以當名詞片語的核心!

第 5 題:核心 = problem / 功能 = 受詞 (O) 討論的對象是 problem。後位修飾 regarding climate change(介系詞片語)。

第 6 題:(B) 分詞片語 wearing 是 V-ing → 主動分詞。

第 7 題:(C) 關係子句 who + 動詞 → 關係子句。

第 8 題:(A) 介系詞片語 on 是介系詞 → 介系詞片語。

第 9 題:(B) 分詞片語 sent 是 V-pp → 被動分詞。

第 10 題:(A) 介系詞片語 in 是介系詞 → 介系詞片語。


進階題 解答

第 11 題:(A) what to do 主詞 I,做事也是 I → 可縮減。

第 12 題:(A) how to get tell + me + how + to V,受詞 me 是行動者。

第 13 題:(A) which book to read tell + students + which book + to V,學生是讀書者。

第 14 題:(B) what to wear 縮減版必須有 to!

第 15 題:(A) when to arrive let + us + know + when to V,我們是抵達者。

第 16 題:❌ 解析:原句若寫 "what to cook",隱含主詞變成 ask 的主詞 (I)——「我問媽媽該煮什麼」。 想表達「媽媽煮什麼」,要用完整版:I asked Mom what she was going to cook for dinner.

第 17 題:⭕ 無生命主詞 (manual) + 普遍性建議 → 縮減為 how to use 是慣用法(隱含「使用者」該如何使用)。

第 18 題:⭕ 主詞 He,去度假也是 He → 可縮減。

第 19 題:⭕(慣用法) tell + him + where + to V,停車的是 him。

第 20 題:⭕ 主詞 She,買衣服也是 She → 可縮減。


挑戰題 解答

第 21 題:what believe(動詞)後沒名詞 → what。

第 22 題:that / which 前面有名詞 movie → that 或 which。

第 23 題:What 句首當主詞,前面沒東西 → What。

第 24 題:that / which 前面有名詞 gift → that 或 which。

第 25 題:what do(動詞)後沒名詞 → what。

第 26 題:who / that 前面有名詞 person(人)→ who 或 that。

第 27 題:what uses(動詞)後沒名詞 → what。

第 28 題:which / that 前面有名詞 car → which 或 that。

第 29 題:What 句首當主詞 → What。「殺不死你的會讓你更強大」——尼采經典名言!

第 30 題:what 前面有副詞 exactly + 動詞 was looking for,沒名詞 → what。


自我評分

分數(30 題) 等級 建議
27-30 威威等級 名詞片語精通!進入疑問句與否定句。
22-26 穩健等級 重點複習:縮減主詞一致原則、What vs. that/which。
16-21 加油等級 多練拆解長句——用螢光筆畫出名詞片語的範圍。
0-15 再出發 從「核心 + 修飾語」基本結構開始。

複習計畫

時間 內容
今天 全文 + 即時練習 + 章末測驗
第 3 天 重做縮減判斷題 + What 填空
第 7 天 用 "What...is..." 句型造 5 句(句首當主詞)
第 14 天 找一篇學測閱讀,圈出所有名詞片語的核心
考試前 重看「3 步判斷 SOP」

學習科學小知識:組塊化 (Chunking)

訓練有素的英文讀者看到 "the tall boy standing by the door" 時,不是逐字讀,而是「一次抓進整塊」當作一個名詞概念——這叫組塊化 (Chunking)

認知科學發現:大腦的工作記憶容量是有限的(大約 4-7 個項目),但每個「項目」可以是一個字也可以是一坨字。把長片語打包成「一個 chunk」就能在工作記憶裡塞更多資訊。

練習方法:每次讀英文遇到長主詞時,先用 1 秒鐘畫出整個名詞片語的範圍,再繼續讀。讀越多次,chunk 越大、閱讀越快。

這是所有英文閱讀高手的共同祕訣——不是學新單字,是把單字「打包成意義單位」。

威威
威威 Willy
德國數學碩士、前 Amazon 資料科學家。數學是邏輯的語言,英文是世界的窗口。
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